Baderman Island Expansion

Several methods of expanding a company exist. The Baderman Island resort is looking into different options to expand their operations. This paper will explore the subject of the three main options; acquiring another organization in the same industry, going public through an Initial Public Offering (IPO), and merging with another organization. Additionally, it will provide analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of each option. Finally, it will provide a recommendation regarding which would be the best option for Baderman Island Resort to use to expand its operations. Acquisition Baderman Island Resort may expand its operations by acquiring Atlantis Resorts to increase growth and market share. Baderman Island would have to purchase Atlantis Resorts stock or assets. This expansion strategy has strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The strengths of an acquisition include the potential to acquire more revenue to lead to yet more growth. Other strengths include financial leverage, lower cost of operations, and increased market share. The weaknesses of acquiring Atlantis resorts include the high cost of acquisition, intangible costs, legal expenses, and possible devaluation of the organization. Opportunities created by the acquisition include the additional resources provided by the Atlantis. Expanded productivity also results from a successful acquisition. Threats also exist in an acquisition strategy. Management of the two companies often struggle over who will run the organizations and its departments. An acquisition also creates higher employee turnover because of employees unhappy with the new organization. This in turn creates hiring costs. IPO Offering To expand their resort operation, Baderman Island may explore various financial opportunities to achieve their strategic goal. The first option available is to issue an IPO. An IPO is a distribution of public stock to the open market for the first time (Keown, Martin, Petty, & Scott, Jr, 2005). Baderman Island would sell new shares to the public to generate the appropriate capital needed to meet their operational/financial goals. An IPO offering could finance the expansion plans for Baderman Island, but they must review both strengths and weaknesses that exist before making a clear decision. By selling shares in the organization, they can use the newly generated funds for research and development for the organization, to pay off an existing debt, or to bring public awareness to the organization, all of which are strengths gained from the IPO offering. By issuing an IPO and obtaining outside investors, it will force the organization to become financially transparent to their investors. Additional disclosures will need to be provided, and the organization will be forced to follow rules and regulations established by The Security and Exchange Act of 1934 and commit to periodic financial reporting (Keown, 2005). They must make this information available to investors, employees, and competitors. This additional work and required open disclosure of confidential information might be viewed as a weakness or intrusion to organizational privacy. Baderman Island management must look at the opportunities for each of the options for growth. Pursuing an IPO will provide the influx of money needed for expansion, a higher industry profile, and a greater opportunity for stock investors. The pursuit of an IPO has various results that could threaten Baderman Island’s organizational and financial goals. By issuing public stock, Baderman Island will have to comply with stringent reporting to the SEC that may reveal important company information to the competitors. Last, the addition of stockholders will restrict certain control of major managerial decisions. Merger A merger is yet another avenue Baderman Island has at its disposal to expand its business. Mergers create a number of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. A SWOT analysis of using a merger to expand operations follows. A strength from performing a merger is the ability to acquire a company’s unused debt. â€Å"Some firms simply do not exhaust their debt capacity. If a firm with unused debt capacity is acquired, the new management can then increase debt financing, and reap the tax benefits associated with the increased leverage† (Keown, 2005, pp. 23-4). Another strength is enabling Baderman Island to remove an ineffective management strategy or team. Baderman Island has the option to decide who stays with the merged company, and who is out the door. Often times, a weak management leading team is the problem the organization has not evaluated for its mediocre success. â€Å"The merger of two firms can result in an increase in market or monopoly power. Although this can result in increased wealth, it may also be illegal. The Clayton Act, as amended by the Celler-Kefauver Amendment of 1950, makes any merger illegal that results in a monopoly or substantially reduces competition. The Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission monitor all mergers to ensure that they do not result in a reduction of competition† (Keown, 2005, pp. 23-4). Weaknesses of a merger for Baderman Island are the many distractions that rise to the surface. Employees may show concern with the future of his or her employment, rather than concentrating on the job-at-hand, thus causing lower production and quality control. Baderman Island is vulnerable to losing customers during the merger. Consumers may question whether or not the previous company will conduct business in the same way in which he or she has become accustomed. Some opportunities for Baderman Island would be to reach customers where it may not have previously. New markets, cash, revenue, and capital are available to Baderman Island to complete its expansion. Finally, threats in an acquisition mainly take the form of other competition. Multiple resorts exist and are always on the lookout for new competition and what they are doing. Baderman Island must stay vigilant with maintaining a sound management team, to steer clear of a larger resort organization trying to merge with it. Recommendation The suggested option for Baderman Island Resort to take at this point is to merge with a larger chain of resorts. According to the several blogs available on the resort’s site, there is room to upgrade in virtually every aspect of the resort including service, amenities, and reservations. Upgrading these systems seems to be a necessity. Merging with a large resort would not only bring financial stability, but also the management skills present in such large chains would alleviate many of the issues found in the resort. Conclusion This paper explored the three main options for the Baderman Island Resort to expand; acquiring another organization in the same industry, going public through an Initial Public Offering (IPO), and merging with another organization. Additionally, it provided analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of each option. Finally, it provided a recommendation regarding which would be the best option for Baderman Island Resort to use to expand its operations.

Why Lance Armstrong Was Shunned

Lance Armstrong’s D Even good people get shunned every once in a while. Lance Armstrong is a perfect example of this. Even though he had done much good in his life, and he had been though a lot, people still shunned him. Lance Armstrong would scarlet letter tear a D for drugs, just like Hester Prynne had to wear the scarlet letter A for her adultery. From the years 1999 to 2005, Lance Armstrong used Performance- Enhancing drugs. During this time period he had won the Tour de France 7 times, which cause controversy in the biking world.Because of his use of drugs, the USADA, U. S. Against Drugs Agency, decided to recently press charges in June of 2012. Lance Armstrong was not just shunned by the Media, but also by his team-mates. It was said that while the USADA was pressing charges against him, five of his former teammates were planning on testifying against him. Lance Armstrong was shunned by the biking community as a whole also. Recently, in 2012, the International Cycling Un ion has declared that he has been stripped of all his Tour titles, as long as all of his awards he won from 1999 to 2005.They also stated that he is no longer able to participate in the sport for life. Lance Armstrong and Hester Prynne can relate through their shunning. They were both shunned by their so called friends. As Lance was betrayed by his team mates, Hester was betrayed by people she called her friend and by the rest of the society. Another was that the two can relate is because they both accept their wrong-doing. Lance accepted his reticule about being not able to compete anymore, as Hester did her punishment of having to wear the A.Just as Hester has to wear the A for eternity, Lance is not able to participate in his passion for the rest of his life, therefore they are both sentenced to their punishment forever. Even though what Lance did was bad, he did not deserve such a severe punishment, just as Hester does not deserve hers. Even though what they both did was frowned upon in their society, having to deal with the punishment for eternity is wrong. Lance Armstrong only deserves to wear his D for a little while, not forever.

Macbeth is a monster – In the light of this comment consider Shakespeares presentation of Macbeth in the play

The idea of man as monster is one perpetually peddled not only by Gothic writers, but throughout literature; Shelley toys with the concept in Frankenstein, and Shakespeare himself explores the dark fringes of humanity in character such as Richard III. Yet Macbeth is not quite so simple – whilst he certainly possesses irredeemably features, it is difficult to bracket him with the Duke of Gloucester; similarly, though he begins the play a hero, his descent cannot be easily compared to that of the archetypal tragic hero Othello. Rather, he is a complex hybrid, challenging audiences and critics to consider the nature and definition of monstrosity itself. Perhaps Macbeth's most ‘monstrous' feature is his ambivalence to his own tyranny; whilst the natural order of Scotland is turned upside down, he acknowledges that he is ‘in blood stepp'd in so far that should I wade no more, returning were as tedious as go o'er'. Here, Shakespeare summons a viscerally violent image of Macbeth wading in a river or lake of ‘blood' before having him casually dismiss it as ‘tedious'; the contrast of surreal horror and offhand flippancy highlighting what would appear to be Macbeth's complete lack of empathy. Combine this with the fact that, in the context of production, Macbeth's regicide would have represented one of the greatest possible breaches not only of judicial but of moral code, and his fate as a character seems sealed. It may even be argued that the play's archetypally Gothic conclusion: having the characters embark to meet ‘at Scone' – the traditional site of Scottish coronations representative of all the social strictures Macbeth flouts – would lose impact if Macbeth's evil was not absolute; if his downfall is to serve as a warning against the breaking of societal regulation, then the audience must surely be without doubt that his actions were irredeemable. Though this may be an easy argument to superficially impose in pursuit of a clear-cut moral message, we must not forget that Shakespeare was a dramatist, not a sermoniser, and that to impose definite meaning on his work is to undermine it. Throughout the text, there are suggestions that Macbeth is in fact a form of Renaissance man, bridging the gap between the Medieval and the modern. In Act I, Scene iii, Macbeth ascertains that the witches' predictions ‘cannot be ill, cannot be good'; a phrase not only reminiscent of the witches' chants of ‘fair and foul', linguistically linking him to the misty supernaturalism they represent, but also unintentionally echoing the literary debate which Macbeth is most famous for; whether the witches can or cannot be seen to have any direct impact on the events of the play. In this way, Macbeth inhabits a self-aware, meta-literary role in which his monstrosity makes up just one part; his Act V, Scene V speech in which he brands himself ‘a poor player who struts and frets' supports this idea, suggesting that whilst Macbeth may appear to be ambivalent to his actions, he in fact recognises their ‘poor' insignificance in the grand scheme of life. Though these metaphysical ponderings may not elevate him to the lofty philosophical heights with which critics regard Hamlet or Lear, they certainly lift him from the more simplified view of Macbeth as pantomime villain. Finally, Macbeth must be viewed in the context of the play's other characters; most notably that of his wife, Lady Macbeth. Before Macbeth has committed any physical crime, Lady Macbeth cries for dark spirits to ‘unsex [her]' – the use of a compound adjective such as ‘unsex' representing – in it's linguistic irregularity as much as in its meaning – a total betrayal of all that it means to be human; to have a predetermined biology. In breaking the bonds of gender, Lady Macbeth finds the ability to foster ambition in Macbeth with sexually provocative blackmail (‘When you durst do it, then you were a man! ‘); perhaps Shakespeare's suggestion is that Macbeth only acts as a vessel for evil, whereas the witches, and Lady Macbeth, both of whom actively embrace the supernatural, represent the seed of evil which can take root in a man even as ‘brave' and ‘noble' as the formerly heroic Macbeth. To brand Macbeth as a monster feels far too simplistic; though, if Macbeth is to be viewed as a pre-Gothic text, the interpretation of him as an archetypal villain is understandable, this is an aspect of the play in which the imposition of a stylistic code feels reductionist and irrelevant. Instead, Macbeth ought to be viewed as a complex character in his own right, whose actions and words throw up as many conundrums as the critic or audience member may hope to find.

Snake Populations and Human Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Snake Populations and Human Intervention - Essay Example Both areas are known C. horridus habitats. Snake population sizes shall be determined for both areas from local reports of spottings in summer. Adults, young ones and neonates shall all be considered for the study. The two population sizes shall be compared. The population size from the conserved area shall serve as the control as there is supposedly no human intervention and the snakes are left in their pristine state. If the population size from the non-conserved area is larger than or the same as that from the conserved area it will be construed that the hypothesis is correct. If the converse is true the hypothesis will be proved wrong and this research study shall be considered successful. The entire study will be supplemented by a questionnaire that shall be presented to locals residing near the two survey areas. The questionnaire design will be such that information on the respondents' awareness of conservation efforts and their attitude towards the snakes can be judged. This, together with the study results can help immensely in future studies conducted to assess how snakes can co-habit with humans without friction. Taxonomy: The timber rattlesnake is a member of the almost worldwide family Viperidae. These viperids include both Old World and New World snakes that have existed since the Miocene Age (Adams, Jennifer P., 2005). Crotalinae, commonly called pit-vipers, is a sub-family comprised of 16 genera and 144 species (Adams, Jennifer P., 2005). Crotalinae members are characterized by two pitted heat sensors between the eyes and nares, hollow retractable fangs, a single row of sub-caudal scales and vertical pupils (Adams, Jennifer P., 2005). There are 33 Crotalus New World species and sub-species, of which 25 inhabit North America. The rattle and the broad head narrowing at the neck and descending into a thick heavy body most characterize this genus (Adams, Jennifer P., 2005). Distribution and Status Distribution: Timber rattlesnakes range widely from New Hampshire south to Florida, west to Texas and north again to southeast Nebraska through to southeast Minnesota (Fig. 1, Appendix) (Staff, CRACM, 2003). Despite this wide distribution timber rattlesnakes are usually found in isolated pockets to the western and northern limits of their ranges. In particular context to West Virginia, where this study will be conducted, the species ranges from the eastern panhandle through the Alleghenies south to Mingo and Mercer counties (Fig. 2, Appendix) (West Virginia Snakes, 2003). Status: Evolutionary trends have produced Crotalus horridus as a 'long-lived, slow-reproducing

Does Having Natural Resources Necessarily Lead To Economic Growth and Essay

Does Having Natural Resources Necessarily Lead To Economic Growth and Development - Essay Example The paper tells that economic development is the sustainable increase in the people`s standard of living and measured using per capita income while economic growth is the increase in the capacity of a given country to produce goods and services over time and is reflected by the GDP. Past decades have proved that valuable natural resources such as natural gas, oil deposits and minerals do not necessarily lead to economic growth. This is evidenced by oil-rich African countries such as Angola, Nigeria, Congo, and Sudan. These countries earn several millions of dollars annually from oil exports yet the foreign exchange or the riches gained over the years has never been converted into a noticeable increase in GDP. In comparison, Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan have experienced economic growth which can rival those of western countries. It is important to note that such countries do not have meaningful natural resources. The explosion of the car manufacturing industr y in the twentieth century led to an increase in the demand for natural resources such as rubber and copper. Minerals were abundantly extracted in several countries like the Netherlands and in time replaced manufacturing as the dominant sector of the economy. With time, the Dutch economy and other similar ones suffered due to the specialization of production and processing of the main resource extracted. The discovery of natural resources did have a positive impact on economic growth but over time, such economies as Netherland became stagnant. The common trend of availability of natural resources combined with slow or stagnant economic growth has been termed the Dutch Disease type of economy. Natural resources can also be a blessing to a country’s economy. A good example of this is Norway, which is the second largest oil exporter. Norway’s oil exports have surpassed other sectors and its foreign direct investment increased to 8% of GDP as of 1998. The manufacturing sec tor declined in relation to GDP since oil was discovered in the 1970s.

Analysing and Answering questions regarding to a business idea Assignment

Analysing and Answering questions regarding to a business idea - Assignment Example The main target consumers of this business plan are urban moms, since these are responsible for purchase of food in their families. Most urban moms value organic food, and are willing to spend their money on it, as opposed to inorganic food. This is because they consider organic food more ethical, environmentally friendly and healthier (IBISWorld 2013). This business idea thus belongs to the Whole Foods Market, as this will ensure that the produce that are sold to customers are fresh, grown locally, and safe for human consumption. A recent survey by CommonGround in the United States showed that more than 50% of women are concerned with how the food they purchase was grown and raised (Food, Nutrition, & Science 2012). Therefore, these desire to be part of the business process, in order to clear their doubts about the food they purchase. On the other hand, urban moms are in charge of approximately 80% of the household spending (Market Research.com 2003). Therefore, these are the main d ecision makers on the choice of food to be consumed in the family. Urban moms have great interest in healthy eating; therefore, most will prioritize organic food, which they consider safe, healthy, and nutritious for their families. Urban moms desire to know the growth process of the food they buy, in order to determine whether it fits their health standards or not. Therefore, this business will involve urban moms in the different business projects either directly or indirectly. When these are invited to the farming site to check out the produce and place their order, they will have the opportunity of witnessing the growth process of crops on the site, and this might help clear their doubts about the safety of the produce. In addition, some moms will be offered tenders to supply food wastes for organic fertilizer (ZeroWasteSA 2011), while some part of the business land will be rented to others to sell our organic produce. According to GardenWeb (n.d), wastes such as coffee grounds a re important sources of nitrogen in composite manure. The business will consider organic manure due to its myriad of benefits. For instance, besides serving as fertilizer, this also serves as soil conditioner (Organic Gardening 2011). According to Flynn (2013), 70% of urban moms question the processes involved in the growth of food they buy. Therefore, this business will consider involving some of them in the business chain to ensure that they are familiar with the growth processes of the crops. This will help the business to achieve customer loyalty, which is important for increased sales. Question 2 Organic food production bases on the factor of healthy eating, since it aims at minimizing use of synthetic fertilizers and other chemical use in the crop growing process. In the United Kingdom, more people are aware of the benefits of healthy eating; therefore, seek to buy food that is safe and natural. Evidence of this fact is presented in the high demand levels of fresh organic prod uce, including fruits and vegetables in the United Kingdom. Many companies have therefore, ventured in the whole foods market, which is considered profitable today, due to the high demand of organic food by a greater portion of the UK population. In this case, therefore, this bus

Film responses 11 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film responses 11 - Movie Review Example The camera tilts from the middle of the tree trunk downwards to show Tajà ´maru at the roots of another big tree. The long shot shows him in natural sunlight. The camera cuts to a long shot that focuses on his body only and a small surrounding space to show part of the tree and the grass on the ground. It makes him look as wild as his surroundings. The musical background is used to amplify the menacing nature of Tajà ´maru. The mise-en-scene shows his tattered clothing with his sword and messy hair. He looks like a slob, which fits the personality of an uneducated bandit. The way he sleeps indicates his arrogance too. The camera dollies to the right of Tajà ´maru to show the road at his side. The samurai and his wife are approaching in broad daylight. The light on the couple contrasts with the darkness on Tajà ´maru. The lighting signifies on the darkness and goodness of people. The scene cuts to a medium shot of the samurai but a full shot of his veiled wife. The background show s the woods, signifying their isolation. Their gentle movements, costume and hair signify their social class and breeding. The camera cuts to Tajà ´maru in medium shot. The dry bark of the tree is clear from behind. Patches of sunlight are piercing through the leaves to show his face. He looks bored and uninterested with the couple. He sees the wife but her veil hides her. He lazily scratches his body. The next cut is a wide long shot that reveals a dark tree at the middle, Tajà ´maru at the left and the couple at the right. The samurai is shown as acting on defense with a long shot from his waist up. He gets ready if the stranger Tajà ´maru strikes him. It shows the samurai as a careful fellow, someone who will also protect his wife’s honor. The men look at each other but Tajà ´maru’s closes his eyes lazily. The background music adds a chiming effect as the shadows of the leaves on Tajà ´maru’s body shows them being moved by the wind. He wakes up and opens his eyes

Lorillard Financial Performance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lorillard Financial Performance - Assignment Example This article will focus on the 2011 annual report, by giving a review and analysis of the review according to the stated guidelines. Mission Lorillard’s mission is to supply their clients with the best quality menthol cigarettes (Lorillard, 2009). This is achieved by building capabilities and strong processes that support the strategized vision. This is also guaranteed from the commitment and passion portrayed by the employees and the general board members of Lorillard (Lorillard, 2009). The company also ensures that their staff members are able to provide the highest level of excellence through implementation of new strategic plans aimed at boosting the company’s sales. Lorillard Inc. also ensures that they maintain their retail market share through making more sales internationally, hence; marketing its brands (Lorillard Inc., 2011). Vision Lorillard has a vision of becoming the world’s leading company in the manufacture of cigarettes (Lorillard Inc., 2011). Th is can be portrayed from the continuously rising net sales, operating income and earnings per share. They also look into executing their core strategies and outperforming the underlying industry trends. Furthermore, their vision also entails the effortless geographic expansion of existing goods and the launching of new products that promote the company’s net sales. ... ities that support their strategic vision, protecting and growing their own menthol cigarette business and carefully pursuing close-in adjacencies (Lorillard Inc., 2011). All the three strategic efforts are aimed in achieving the vision of Lorillard Company. In addition, this helps them to ensure responsible Newport pleasure to all the adult smokers. These outstanding visions have enabled the company to maintain growth in the retail market. The Newport cigarette brand employs the strategy of protecting and growing the menthol cigarette business. Lorillard evidently challenged some of the unwarranted regulations and defended the brand’s freedom in actively operating in debates with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to respect their selflessness of menthol cigarettes. Lorillard also markets the Newport brand in Washington DC. Through expansion of merchandised programs, Lorillard was able to grow vastly with its main target being the adult smokers of Newport (Lorillard, 2009). Furthermore, Lorillard was able to achieve a record annual share and eliminated distraction after signing of a four-year labor contract with the union associates. An analysis from 2008 shows the brand’s growth from a mere 9.7% to 11.9% (Lorillard Inc., 2011). In pursuing close-in cigarette adjacencies, the Newport non menthol brand is brought into focus. It is evident that most of the efforts that the Lorillard Inc. focused on entailed expansion of the Newport brand. This is because the Newport brand makes up to 70 percent of the cigarette industry. According to the first year of Newport’s performance, the non menthol product performed extremely well. Nowadays, Lorillard offers the best menthol products in eight states, in the West. Moreover, they also make considerable profits from

Hitler's Mein Kampf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hitler's Mein Kampf - Essay Example It later became part of Hitler's propaganda, a psychologically powerful technique used to draw support from and control the behavior of the "irrational" masses. In his view of society, Hitler puts the Aryan race at the top of the human ladder, branding them as the "master" or superior race. The Aryan culture is described as enlightened, since he maintains that this ethnic group is the source of all genius, knowledge and cultural and scientific development. As "culture-founders", the Aryans are responsible for or have influence over the development of other cultures; Aryans are referred to as "the founders of mankind". Other races are referred to as "lesser" or inferior races. As such, their cultures are not dominant, original or unique, simply a mere imitation of Aryan culture (the core) with external features or characteristics (the execution) that are particular to that other race. Therefore, other races are referred to as "culture-bearers": the creativity, inspiration and originality of their culture is due to foreign influences and, when the original creative race nucleus (the cultural driving force) is lost, culture stiffens, cultural development stops and, according to his own words, "darkness will again fall upon the earth [] and the world would turn into a desert." 2 Hitler also describes Aryan supremacy as "fate". ... He states that Aryans, as the master race, cannot avoid their role as supporters or developers of other human cultures since leadership is part of their genetic makeup. In this statement he implies some form of "divine" intervention, the influence of some external force that has chosen Aryans as the supreme race to rule the world. Interestingly, Hitler admits the crucial role that other races play in cultural and scientific development. While Aryans' special abilities make them adapt to all conditions and drive development forward, the presence of other races is instrumental in this development as human auxiliary forces, as part of the machinery. Without the help of the lesser men, Aryans would never have been able to achieve this higher culture. Inferior people, like animals, replace the lack of technical means. Similarly to animals, lesser races need to be tamed and trained to complete certain tasks, which in turn allows Aryans to develop techniques and procedures that substitute or replace them. He concludes that, once the lesser races have fulfilled their role and are no longer required, they can be eliminated, they may "go". In this view of culture and society, Hitler places other races and their contribution below those of animals. He explains that lesser people fulfilled their role as "forces" before animals did for the development of the first culture known to man. However, in their role as masters and propagators of culture, Aryans made one error: they spared the lives of those individuals they had enslaved and gave them a better fate than the rest of the subjects from his pack, they gave them "freedom". However, the subjected inferior races began to rise as they approached their masters linguistically and intellectually and the differences

FIFA World Cup 2010 in South Africa as a business event Essay

FIFA World Cup 2010 in South Africa as a business event - Essay Example The choice of the host country is very important moment in the preparation of World Cup since it is, beyond the purely sporting aspects of economy. In order to obtain the nomination by the FIFA authorities, cities and nations compete in projects. This event requires the construction of reception infrastructure, transport and communication inevitably leads to strong changes in terms of city planning. Often, the FIFA World Cup becomes an excuse to initiate or accelerate some of urban changes resulting in the initiation of work. FIFA World Cup is an opportunity to orchestrate an extensive modernisation of the country by fostering urban renewal and social changes. The organisation of the Cup was such a chance for South Africa to initiate huge upgrades with respect to certain routes and urban infrastructure. Indeed, this radical change in the appearance of the country was not done without pain, as South Africa found itself plunged into a very important phase of work that disrupts the rhyt hm of life in South Africa and, most importantly, led to a substantial financial contribution to taxpayers. In South Africa, ten stadiums will be used throughout the World Cup 2010. Distributed throughout the territory of Polokwane to Cape Town, these stages hosted the greatest football competition in the world. Of the ten stages of the World Cup, some were just renovated, while others are out of land recently, to offer viewers a high quality of comfort and safety. South Africa regularly hosts major international sporting events since 1994 and has successfully organised some of the most important ones; the Rugby World Cup 1995, World Cup Cricket in 2003, the Women's World Cup Golf (2005 to 2008) and the only race in the streets of opening of the A1 GP World Cup of Motorsport (from 2006 to 2008). But the FIFA World Cup is the largest sporting event in the world in terms of television audience. World Cup 2010 in South Africa is announced as a major turning point for the host country b ut also for the entire continent. Bold alternative to the Afro-pessimism, it would now "Africa" to be placed in the heart of the international scene. FIFA and Cup organisers intend to explicitly celebrate the humanity of the continent. Political leaders in South Africa placed the hosting of the FIFA World cup at the top of their agenda. Mandela said when the role of football in the struggle against apartheid and said that "football was the only joy for prisoners "on Robben Island (Jones, 2004). Mbeki added that the hosting of World cup project is a journey of hope for South Africa, Africa and the world, a journey that gives the strength and endurance we need to walk the difficult road that still separates us from African renaissance. While FIFA announced in 2008 that the 2010 Cup will be even more profitable than the last, some question the benefits and economic benefits in terms of construction of new stages (Pillay, Tomlinson & Bass, 2009). As far as the non financial benefits of World Cup are concerned, it is said that South African media enjoyed and participated in this myth of nation building through sport. Others, however, underline the symbolic dimension of this event; some scholars suggest that playing at the Cape Town may be interpreted as a way of "doing justice to history" (Hill, 2003). It was evident, however, that the 2010 World Cup in South Africa was the intersection of meanings, actions and multiple political aspirations and that local and national interests intertwine. This World

The Bullwhip Effect Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Bullwhip Effect - Assignment Example The Bullwhip Effect is of great concern because it can lead to low profits, increased costs, poor use of transport and storage facilities, inefficiency in the use of limited resources and even crisis in placing orders. All these reasons explain why this is a great area of interest (Bhattacharya & Bandyopadhyay, 2011). It is also a significant area that should be studied in order to increase efficiency in how enterprises carry their day to day activities. I am also interested in this topic because I would like to contribute to its solution. Moreover, an aspect of academic curiosity sparked my interest in the topic. The research conducted shows a number of similarities with what I learned in the Module. For instance, the definition of the Bullwhip Effect tends to be the same. Even the environment and circumstances in which it occurs is very similar. For both, the phenomenon occurs in a supply chain where there are members placing orders to each subsequent member in the upstream. In both, the fact that Bullwhip Effect results in an increased or exaggerated variability in the upstream end more than the downstream is recognized. The Bullwhip effect arises as a result of various factors. Some of the causes are rationing and shortage gaming, price fluctuations, demand forecast, updating and order batching. These causes coupled up with the manager’s decisions, most of which are rational, lead to the Bullwhip Effect. Forecasts made based on information from the member down the stream lead to amplification of demand. Dependence on these downstream pieces of information to plan for inventory ofte n misleads. As such, many upstream members end up having a greater variability of demand (Lee et al., 2014). Another cause is the frequent change in prices in the market. Sometimes the manufacturers reduce the prices of their products. This makes more suppliers in the downstream end to do ‘forward buying’. This is in a

A True Story of Crime and Punishment Essay Example for Free

A True Story of Crime and Punishment Essay A true story of how a man was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death, May God Have Mercy exposes the imperfections in the criminal justice system and how it led to the death of an innocent man. Roger Colemans case became the main story on nightly newscasts and prominent television shows such as Larry King Live, Nightline, Good Morning America, and the Today Show. Many crucial, yet harmful decisions were made that ultimately resulted in an innocent mans execution at the death house in Greensville, Virginia. The police, the prosecutor, and the Judge can all be held responsible for Colemans death. However, the reason Roger Coleman was not acquitted of the murder of Wanda McCoy in the first place and thus in a position to be executed was because his original lawyers, Steve Arey and Terry Jordan, did not provide him with adequate representation, as required by the Constitution of the United States of America. Steve Arey and Terry Jordan were young, inexperienced lawyers who should have never even been considered for a capital case. Judge Persin, the presiding Judge in the case, however, decided on these two gentlemen because other more experienced lawyers refused to take the case because of the huge financial sacrifice it would require. Albeit public speculation that Judge Persins previous profession as a prosecutor had led him to heavily favor the prosecution, his decision stood. The two prosecutors who Arey and Jordan would be opposed by were Mickey McGlothlin and Tom Scott. Both prosecutors had far more experience than the defense lawyers, but that didnt stop Judge Persin from appointing Arey and Jordan to the case. It was an obvious mismatch, intentional or not, and was just the beginning of many problems that would arise for the defendants case. The murder of Wanda McCoy took place in Grundy, a small town in Virginia. The year was 1981, and Brad McCoy, Wandas husband, arrived home from work to find his wife dead, the apparent victim of a brutal rape and murder. The police investigated the crime scene, recorded witness reports, and searched for suspects. When they identified their prime suspect, Roger Coleman, the police made the arrest. Due to the negative public opinion that had generated following the arrest, Coleman demanded that his lawyers file for a change of venue with the court. Since Grundy was such a small town, it would  be very difficult to pick an impartial jury to give Coleman a fair trial. Every person in the town had to have read or seen something on the murder. The fact that the police provided supposed conclusive evidence against Roger Coleman and made it public, many of Grundys residents wanted to see Coleman sentenced to death. Steve Arey had been preparing the case to present to Judge Persin, but at the last minute, he notified Terry Jordan that he would not be able to attend due to a prior engagement. Areys lack of respect for Coleman and the case in general left Terry Jordan with a crucial decisionwhether to seek a continuance or to argue the motion himself. He chose to present the case himself. The defenses decision to argue the motion was a terrible decision. Not only should Jordan have sought a continuance because he was not prepared to argue the case, but neither of the defense lawyers had done any research or made any effort to obtain evidence to support their case for a change of venue, except for a couple of newspaper clippings and a picture of the hanging-tree sign. The prosecution, on the other hand, had gotten approximately fifty affidavits from members of the town claiming that they did not have any biased feelings about the case. As expected, Judge Persin denied the change of venue request, a nd effectively set the tone for Roger Colemans trial. The beginning of every trial begins with opening statements, which provide the jury with a preview of the evidence they will provide and what it will effectively show. A lawyers opening statement is probably the most important part of the entire trial, and usually puts the jurors leaning favorably towards the side with the more convincing performance. Like any other criminal case, the burden of proof lies with the prosecution. They are required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime. Mickey McGlothlin presented an organized and persuasive opening statement that gave the jury the impression that Roger Coleman was guilty based on the significant amount of evidence against him. The defenses opening statement should have attacked the evidence that the state provided, and also attacked McGlothlins credibility. The defenses  opening statement should have consisted of a description of the friendly relationship that existed between Roger Coleman and the McCoys. It also should have also included Colemans alibiPhilip VanDykeand the fact that VanDykes time card reinforces the time that he said he was with Coleman and the time that he clocked into his job. Arey and Jordan also had an opportunity to smear McGlothlins credibility by referring to evidence that he failed to mention in his opening argumentthe pry mark on the door, the broken fingernails on the victim but no scratches on Coleman, and that the substance found on the victim was soil, not coal dust, which had been on Colemans clothes. The defense counsel didnt refer to any of those facts. No scientific evidence was brought up, and it failed to respond to McGlothins statement that there was evidence that Coleman had in fact admitted to committing the crime. The opening statement was a complete disappointment for Coleman. It started to raise questions inside of Coleman of whether his own defense lawyers thought he was guilty and therefore were not putting the time or effort in to prove his innocence. In either case, his defense lawyers had presented a completely inadequate opening statement, and it left the jury with the feeling that Roger Coleman was guilty. In addition to failing to present a solid and influential opening argument, another major problem with the defense counsel was their extreme lack of preparation for the trial (their own witnesses and the states witnesses). Before the Coleman case, Terry Jordan had never tried a murder case, a rape case, any case involving blood or hair analysis or a criminal case of any kind that lasted more than one day (112). Being from Grundy, Jordan should have interviewed most if not all of the local witnesses, but that did not happen. He did not interview all of police officers that were investigating the crime nor did he interview Dr. McDonald, who was the first one to examine Wanda McCoys body and who estimated her time of death. He did not interview Hezzie McCoy, Dr. Oxley (the doctor who performed the autopsy), or even Elmer Gist, who was the states blood and hair expert. In fact, Jordan cross-examination of Elmer Gist was solely based on Gists report about hair comparisons and one on blood analysis. He had not read anything about blood or hair analysis, because if he had, he would have been more capable of performing an effective cross-examination of the states most crucial  witness. Terry Jordan also failed to carefully examine the physical locations that could have led to Colemans innocence and acquittal. He never actually went inside the house where the murder took place, nor did he examine the door to see if there was any evidence of forced entry. He never examined the bathhouse where Coleman said his pants got wet from, and he did not go to the mine where Roger worked. The route that Coleman supposedly took that night was never gone over to see how long it took and to see if there was time for him to commit the crime given the stops that he made prior to the murder. Jordan did not look for other witnesses who the state had not identified, and he did not ever ask for VanDykes time card, an essential piece of evidence. No photographs were taken at any point, making everything that was presented in court non-visual. Visuals would have made the defenses case much stronger. Steve Arey had interviewed most of the same witnesses that Jordan interviewed, along with a couple other defense-alibi witnesses. The state was heavily favored in the case to begin with because of their experience in criminal cases, as opposed to the defense counsels lack of experience in such cases. As expected, Judge Persin ruled in favor of the state and Roger Coleman was sentenced to death. Many criminal cases are appealed after their conclusion, and this case was no different. The defense has thirty days to file a Notice of Appeal with the Court. The defense prepared their appeal and mailed it to the Court. However, the attorney generals office told the defense that they had filed the appeal one day late and that it would not be accepted. This was another huge mistake by the defense. Although a legal technicality should not be the cause for an innocent mans evidence to be withheld, the law specifically stated that a Notice of Appeal must be filed within thirty days of the Judge signing the order that rejected all of the defenses arguments. The defense had missed a crucial deadline and Roger Coleman would b e punished because of it. The defense would not be able to get the Court to listen to their case again and this would eventually lead to Colemans death. The fact remains that neither Terry Jordan nor Steve Arey conducted a thorough enough investigation to really present a strong case to oppose the prosecution. Roger Coleman was never really given a fair trial, and it ultimately led to his conviction and death. His lawyers failed to use the evidence that was available to get their client acquitted. Their inexperience and lack of motivation resulted in an innocent mans death. There were many opportunities for the defense counsel to question witnesses, to seek experts opinions on the forensic evidence, and to insert new evidence to support Roger Colemans case, but they did not do so. Jordan and Arey should have never been appointed as Colemans counsel, and that alone made Colemans chances of acquittal slim to none. Roger Coleman was never given a fair chance, even later on in the process before he was executed, however, his defense lawyers performed well below the standards that a man on trial for his life deserves. Their terrible mista kes and decisions led to the death of an innocent man.

The Development Of Sport Tourism Industry Tourism Essay

The Development Of Sport Tourism Industry Tourism Essay 1.0 Introduction Tourism and sports are the emerging trend in todays culture. These trends had been influenced by human social attitudes, technological advancement, economic and political circumstances. Both sport and tourism activities are organized all over the world regardless of national borders. 1.1 Definition of Sport tourism Sport tourism is a prevalent and growing phenomenon. According to Gibson (2006), sport tourism is defined as leisure-based travel that takes individuals temporarily outside of their home communities to participate in physical activities [Active Sport Tourism], to watch physical activities [Event Sport Tourism], or to venerate attractions associated with physical activities [Nostalgia Sport Tourism]. 1.2 Development of sport tourism industry During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (1880-1910), development of sport took place. Sports were transformed through such developments as the codification of rules, bureaucratization (the development and regulation of competitions), specialization of player roles, quantification (measurement of performance) and the maintenance of records of achievement (Guttmann, 1974, in Higham, 2005). Competitive sports were contested in local, regional or national leagues. In 1970s and 1980s, second period of dynamic change in the development of sport took place. (Halberstam, 1999, in Higham, 2005) examines the emergence of cable television and the broadcast of live sport initiated by ESPN in 1978. The development of commercial and medial interests in sport together with the emergence of new forms of sport celebrity brought about a dominant feature in sport tourism. This had resulted in a growing market for holidays filled with sports content. Sport, sport teams, sport events and sport facilities had been transformed into tourism industry. Sport is an important expression of culture at a tourism destination. The prominence of sports and sports people in the national and international media is such that sport has become a powerful tool in destination marketing (British Tourist Authority, 2000, in Higham, 2005) 1.3 Overview of the sport tourism industry According to Standeven De Knop (1999), sport tourist are categorize as active or passive. Active sport tourists engage in sport activity holidays. Sport is the main purpose of the trip. Passive sport tourist can be grouped according to how important sport is the purpose of the trip. They are those who have extensive passive involvement and are discriminating in the sports activity they watch as spectators or facilitators. Today, many people participate in or watch sports across the world. Due to an increase in media attention, people are becoming more aware of the health and recreational benefits that sport tourism provide. There had been a growing number of travel companies that print brochures to advertise on sports and adventure holidays, for example, scuba diving in Kenya, mountain climbing in Sabah. 2.0 Market Analysis Over the years, we can see an increase in tourist arrivals all around the world. It is seen to be an important phenomenon that will engage and excite people at the same time. Throughout this report, the focus will be on sport tourism in Australia. Sport tourism contributes significantly to Australian economy. Australia is recognised internationally as a nation that is very involved with sports. According to Australian Government (2008), itemised consumption for recreation, cultural and sports services was $2 953 million. In 2008-2009, Australian government had invested $3.8 billion into arts and recreation service. This shows that they are continuously improving the recreation services to meet the demand of sports tourist and players. The hosting of the Sydney 2000 Olympics had provided Australia with a unique opportunity. It allows Australia to showcase the world as a tourism destination and as a country with the ability to stage such major events. According to The Independent (2010), it states that during the Sydney Olympics held in 2000, Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) said 4.94 million people made short-term visits to Australia. This is an increase of 11% or 480 000 people from the previous record in 1999. The increase was due mostly to a dramatic surge in tourist arrivals in the month of December, a rise of 23% on the same month in 1999. Sports had become part of Australian lifestyle. It plays a vital role in Australian culture. This experience is a motivating factor that attracts international visitors to Australia. According to a survey conducted by ABS (2005-2006), 66% of the population aged 15years and above (10.5million people) participated as a player at least once during the 12 months prior to interview in one or more sports or physical recreation activities. Participation rate was highest for the 25 to 34 year age group (75%) then declined with age to 49% for people aged 65 years and above. In order for marketers to reach out to the target segment successfully, here are some of the marketing strategies adopted by Australia to promote sports tourism. It is important that sports marketers consider how each of the marketing mix elements is integrated and related to each of the other elements. For example, if sport products are not priced correctly, it will result in a major impact on how consumers view the organisations. 2.1 Product In sports tourism, the product will be the game itself. For example, during Sydney Olympic Games 2000, the product will be the games played. Products can be differentiated into tangible and intangible product. The tangible elements of a sports product are the participants who play the sports, the type of competition or game played, merchandising (T-shirts, equipment, souvenirs etc), and venue facilities. The intangible elements are the impressions, expressions, emotions that people have about the sports whether they are participants or spectators. (Summers et al, 2005a) Sports products are similar to the characteristics of services. They are perishable, inseparable, heterogeneous and intangible. Perishable once event of the game had ended, there will not be any live competition anymore Inseparable sports products are produced and consumed simultaneously when participants, officials and fans create the event Heterogeneous each sporting event and experience is different for everyone Intangible many of the elements for sports product are intangible 2.2 Price In the context of sports tourism, price refers to the purchase of tickets to watch the sporting event. Differential pricing strategy is common for many sports products. It meant that different price are allocated for different seats, or different privileges included in the ticket. According to Morgan Summers (2005), for most professional stadium-based sports, the revenue from the ticket price is less than the revenue expected from media rights and corporate hospitality sales. For example, the Melbourne Commonwealth Games 2006, the price range are categorized into A, B, C, D and Family. Price category A ticket price $590 Price category B ticket price $420 Prize category C ticket price $250 Prize category D ticket price $100 Family category ticket price range from $300 to $525 The organizing committee had price the ticket into different category so that it can reach out to different market segment. Spectators who purchased category A tickets would have a better and closer view of the competition. Family category tickets target at parents who wanted to bring their children to watch the competition together. It is priced slightly cheaper so as to encourage family bonding and to motivate these children to watch the competition. From the Australian Bureau of Statistics, it reveals that there was a 15% increase in the number of international arrivals to Australia in September 2000, the month of the Games, compared to the previous year. 2.3 Place Place refer to the distribution channel where spectators can buy the tickets to watch the competition and the location where the competition takes place. Now, with the current advancement of technology, we are able to purchase the tickets to watch any competitions held in any part of the world. We can log in to the official website and purchase the tickets online conveniently. Australia had developed the country to host many major sporting events such as Sydney Olympics Games 2000, IRB Rugby World Cup 2003, Melbourne Commonwealth Games 2006, etc. According to Higham (2005a), the stadium Australia Trust, together with the Olympic Co-ordinating Authority and the Sydney Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games, identified Homebush Bay as the location for the majority of the sporting venures for the Olympic Games. This included the 110 000 capacity Stadium Australia (at a cost of $A 480 million, and now the Telstra Stadium, host to the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final), the State Hockey Centre, and Novotel and Ibis Hotels. 2.4 Promotion Promotion is an effective tool to communicate with the selected target tourists. It can build and creates identity for the country. Australia Sports Commission had work on promotion strategy to market itself to sports tourist. The vision is to continue to be recognised as the world leader in developing high performance and community sport. This will create a positive image for sports tourist and contribute to the uniqueness of destination. According to Australia Sports Commission (2006a), one of the strategies adopted is to actively contribute to international community sport development programs, increase understanding of international trends in sports. They provide funding, innovative support services, in partnership with national sporting organisations. This way, it allows them to enhance high performance programs and to ensure sustained international high performance success. They had promoted more effective pathways into high performance development for talented individuals who aspire to compete at higher level. SWOT analysis is an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It provides an effective framework for analysing internal resources and external trends. 2.5 Strengths Australia has a proud tradition and culture in sports tourism. The national sports system, its delivery mechanisms and its program are widely regarded as world leaders. This will boost the reputation in the sports tourist industry. According to Australia Sports Commission (2006b), Australian Government together with Australian Sports Commission provides unprecedented levels of support for Australian sport. Strong leadership and momentum through a comprehensive range of programs and initiatives shows the governmental support for sport tourism industry. With the strong support, it will lead to an increase in tourist arrivals for any sports event held in Australia. According to a report on Sydney 2000 Olympics, there were more than ten thousand athletes travelled to Australia from 199 countries to compete in twenty-eight sports. There was a total of 6.7 million Olympic tickets sold, more than four and a half million fans passed through the gates at Sydney Olympic Park to witness the games. From this figure, we are able to identify the success of Sydney Olympic Games. 2.6 Weaknesses After looking at the strength, we will explore on the weaknesses of sports tourism. It is not easy for a country to host mega event such as Olympic. Government and organising committee had to work closely together to ensure that the event goes smoothly and successfully. During the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000, there was concern that many tourist will not want to choose Australia as a holiday destination. They want to avoid the crowd going for the Games, the uncertainties such as traffic congestion, crowding, security issues and etc. Thus, Australia government will have to look into this particular sector of tourism so that they are not being neglected. If this area is managed well, Australia will be an idea destination for all types of tourist even during the period where the Game is going on. 2.7 Opportunities The hosting of Sydney Olympics had created a lot of opportunities for Australia sport tourism industry. Sydney 2000 Olympics had left a legacy of expertise in a range of sports- tourism related fields. Now, Australia has more opportunities to hold sports events at the international, national and regional levels. This will results in an increase in gross domestic product and employment rates for Australia. Sports manager have to continuously develop new sport product to enhance the status of the sport as a tourist attraction. This will help to generate new tourism market or expand on existing tourism markets. The development or upgrading of sport facilities is an effective strategy to reach out to the new market segment for sports tourism. Sport marketers can develop creative marketing techniques to embrace international tourists visiting the destination as a causal consumer of sports (Hingh Higham, 2004) 2.8 Threats Sport tourism is a threat to the natural environment. In order to cater to the large demand of spectators and participants, sport venue and infrastructure have to be improvised. During the process of upgrading these facilities, ecosystem is being damaged. Ecosystem consists of different type of species, flora and fauna. This will become a threat to biodiversity and greenhouse effect. In the long run, it will become a permanent and irreversible environmental damage. According to Higham (2005b), long term impacts include degradation of natural landscapes. Due to extremes of altitude and climate, tourism in alphine ecologies require extended recovery and regeneration timeframes, long term monitoring and appropriate management interventions. 3.0 Factors That Motivate Tourists Sport tourism entails a set of motivations. The classic theories of motivation commonly applied to understand leisure, sport and tourism behaviour are Murrays (1938) Needs Theory of Personality and Maslows (1943) Hierarchical Theory of Needs. 3.1 Murrays Needs Theory of Personality Murray (1938) developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of motives, presses and needs. It is explained that A need is a stimulus a force pushing an individual in a certain direction or to behave in a certain way. He identified 12 physiological needs and 28 psychological needs. Physiological needs, viewed as primary needs, include air, water, food and security. Psychological needs, viewed as secondary needs, are related to mental or emotional satisfaction including achievement, autonomy and satisfied. 3.2 Maslows Hierarchical Theory of Needs Maslows (1943) Hierarchical Theory of Needs suggests that people are motivated to fulfil basic needs before they move on to other needs. Maslows theory and Murrays theory are similar, in the sense that both propose that peoples behaviour is driven by both physiological and social-psychological needs. However, Maslow developed a more structured hierarchical order to the activation and satisfaction of needs. He suggested that an individual has to satisfy the lower order of needs before working on the higher order of needs. The top of the hierarchy is the need for self-actualization, which is an opportunity for individuals to become everything that one is capable of becoming. The needs become more psychological and social as one progress up the pyramid. Maslow found that vacation satisfaction was associated with the degree to which the needs for self-actualisation, belongingness and physiology were met by the experience. In sport tourism, the relationship between needs and activity choice is complex. Hence, it is not sufficient to pair a set of needs with an activity. The same activity may be motivated by different needs at different times for one individual. In another case, one activity may represent different meanings to another individual at the same time (Crandall, 1980). Despite the complexity of the relationship, motivation theory still provides insights into why people choose to take part in certain activities. In the context of sport tourism, push factor is the need to need to match an individuals motivations and pull factor is the expectation regarding a vacation with the attributes of a particular destination. 3.3 Push factor Push factor are unique to each tourist. They are determined by the personality and attitude of individual. To a certain extend, sport tourist may be motivated by push factor. They want to escape from daily routine, explore other form of sports, interact and build friendship with people. This group of tourist want to gain new exposure and achieve something from the trip. 3.4 Pull factor Pull factor is an extrinsic factor. They include price, destination image, marketing and promotion of the host country. According to Higham (2005) destination image is an important attribute that formulate the expectation of the country. Physical attributes include attractions, activities, sporting facilities and physical landscapes. Abstract attributes are atmosphere, crowding, safety and ambience. These attributes are essential to foster a distinct destination brand and advantageous destination imagery. If the country is perceive as a cohesive nation, that is safe and secure for any form of sports to take place, tourist will travel to that country to enjoy the competition. In this way, tourist arrival and expenditure will increase. 4.0 Future Challenges Sport and tourism phenomena are dynamic and fragile. Sport tourism industry will face some future challenges. If these challenges are managed well, sport tourism industry will attract more sports tourist visiting the country. 4.1 Technology advancement With technological advancement, people are able to watch the Games played through the use of sports reporting media such as interactive television and Internet. Now, the question to us: will sports tourists want to travel out of their comfort zone to experience a totally different happening where sounds, sights and ambience can be virtually created? Is there any desire for them to travel to another country if they can watch the Games in the comforts of their home? According to a report on Sydney 2000 Olympics, it show that Sydney 2000 was broadcast in 220 countries and generated more than 36.1 billion television viewing hours. Nine out of ten individuals in the world with access to television watched some part of the Olympics ranging from an average four hours per viewer to more than 37 hours per viewer in Japan. From this statistics, we are able to know that there are many people who do not need to travel to Australia but they are still able to enjoy the Games played. 4.2 Trends in Winter Sport Tourism Winter tourism is an important source of income for many alpine areas. Hence, they are highly dependent on satisfactory snow conditions. Skiing, snowboarding are some of the sports activities that are highly depend on snow. Recently, due to an impact of climate change and weather conditions, the lack of snow during winter season poses a challenge for various countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Austria and etc. Winter tourism depends on good snow conditions. Hence, sport tourism developer and event organizers should focus on ways to improve the situation of this area so as not to lose the ski market tourism. 4.3 Growth of sports tourist seeking alternative sports It is seen as a common trend for sport participants to seek alternative sports and new ways to do sports. They have taken a great interest to play other sports that will bring them more excitement. According to Higham (2005c), unique sport subcultures have emerged in association with alternative sports. The growth of alternative sports will pose as a challenge for any country. A country that wants to develop these alternative sports must invest a substantial sum of money. New, advance infrastructure and facilities has to be built to cater to this group of sport tourists seeking alternative sports. It will be very difficult for a country that does not have the necessary sports resources and expertise to develop alternative sports. 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation Sport is ubiquitous as a form of popular culture. There are some ways that sport tourism developer can adopt to minimize the future challenges of sports tourism. Once these challenges are manage well, there will be a steady increase in sport tourist arrivals to the country. 5.1 Invest in snow-making Due to climate change and global warming, sport tourism developer has taken a future step to look at the invention of snow making. According to Higham (2005d), snow making is a technological development that lengthened the ski season in the snow-belt states. It also made sport possible in areas where natural snowfall was less than abundant. Although snow making is an expansive investment, it is seen as an essential way to ensure sport tourism activities take place. Many countries are willing to spend millions of dollar to make artificial snow so that they will capture tourists who want to enjoy the ski facilities and resort. 5.2 Sustainable sport tourism According to (Butler 1993, in Hinch and Higham, 2004), sustainable tourism is tourism in a form which can maintain its viability in an area for indefinite period. The achievement of sustainable sport tourism requires a balance between social goals, economic goals and environmental goals. Sustainable tourism is one of the goals for many sport tourism countries. In order to reach this goal, sport tourism should enhance the social/cultural dimension of the community. Mega-events such as Olympics can include cultural factors of the country. Sport tourist can watch the Games and learn about the culture of the nation at the same time. 5.3 Market diversification Market diversification is a tool that marketers of sport tourism organisation can adopt. It is an effective way to segment the market and reach out to them. The targeted segment will be people who are not tied down to traditional vacation structures. They are more likely to travel during shoulder and off-season period. This group of people are conference delegates, incentive travellers and special interest group. Marketers can consider cross-leverage sport and tourism across the entire marketing mix to attract them. They have the power to spend on any sport activities as they have the luxury of time. According to Higham (2005e), Canmore in Canada is counting on the ageing baby boomers to help eliminate the shoulder season. There are plans drawn up for a health and wellness resort offering a myriad of traditional and non-traditional health services. All in a nutshell, the field of sport and tourism are dynamic industries. Sport tourism organizers and destination managers have to understand and respond to these growing trends in an effective manner. This is so as to achieve a competitive advantage in the sport tourism field. In mega event or small-scale event, organizing committee has to plan and manage all type of activities in sport event in an orderly manner. The success of the event will results in a positive image of tourism destination. It will gain the fame and attract more tourists to the destination to participate or enjoy the sports activities.

my dog Trooper :: essays research papers

Trooper Two memories stand out from when I was a kid. One was the day the Nintendo Entertainment System hit the shelves. The other was the day â€Å"a boy’s best friend† came into my world. Who would have thought that this day would become one of the happiest days of my life? It was in the middle of spring on a nice sunny day. I had just finished my last game from my recreational basketball league. Our team lost, but I put in my two points, along with two solid quarters of bench warming. I was never much of an athlete, but rather a â€Å"mathlete†. Regardless, I still had a lot of fun playing sports. On our way home from the game, my dad and I stopped at several pet stores. I was very confused. He neglected to tell me what we were doing, but I gladly played along. All together we must have stopped at four or five different pet stores. We bought a pack of dog bones, a dog collar and leash, dog shampoo, dog food, and a dog cage. Now I am not the kind of person to jump to conclusions, but I think I was catching on to something. We proceeded home after spending a near 200 dollars on dog supplies. Once we got home, my dad asked, "Joe, What do you want to do today?" I could tell by the sound of his voice that he had asked a rhetorical question. Although at the age of eight I had no idea what a rhetorical question was, I knew he was telling me that we were on our way to the animal shelter. My parents and I jumped into our 1989 blue Aerostar van. My brother was away on a camping trip, so it was just the three of us. The 20-minute drive felt like two hours, and I can remember every second of it. We drove up to the shelter on a smooth paved road that went up to a hill. An empty pasture was on our left side and an old cemetery was on our right. The shelter looked like a small prison. It stood alone in the middle of an open field, surrounded by fence. We jumped out of our van and headed up the walkway. As we walked through the front door, we were forced to look at the cats. Walking through the cat section was the only way to get to the dog kennel part.

Change in Life from Antebellum to the New Deal Essay -- essays researc

Modern America can be considered one of the world’s economic and industrial leaders. This didn’t happen instantaneously. It was a long process that took centuries to occur from when America was first colonized by England. America started slow and far behind England and other European countries in the technology race but a diverse culture and the work ethic of American people all helped to push this country forward. From antebellum America in the 19th century, to the Progressive Era in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and finally to the New Deal period in the 20th century, many changes occurred as millions of people lives were affected greatly during this time. Throughout these eras in U.S. history, there was a general improvement in the lives of most Americans from the progression of economic life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the antebellum period, the United States was a predominantly pre-industrial society. There were very few factories open at this time. Most of the factory workers were from rural and village cultures. These jobs usually required no skill or knowledge and were quite simple to learn. Working conditions in factories were at its worst with extremely low pay, long workdays, and dangerous conditions. Most workers remained as farmers and artisans. They devoted their lives to their work and were skilled at their jobs. Artisans usually worked closely with agrarians to make different products. Farmers worked the fields, growing crops and raising livestock. Their work would occasionally become easier from new tools made by artisans. Women during this time were housewives. They were doing everything at home. They took care of the children, the house, and the food for the family. Sometimes, life demanded that they work the fields with their husbands. Most women did not have jobs outside the home but a small number did work outside in factory jobs. There was a great influx of immigrants at this time. Many of them worked at factories, usually taking the lowest paying positions available. Their different cultures and work habits often caused many problems because they were not accustomed to the American customs. Most of the immigrants chose to settle in American cities, where most jobs were located. As a result, the cities became extremely crowded. Housing in cities became a major problem from the large number of immigrants. Most ... ...evel administrative positions due to various New Deal agencies and programs. Not many reform programs were intended for women. Most of their benefits came indirectly from programs targeted at men. From the three eras of America, antebellum, Progressive, and New Deal, there seems to be a general increase in quality of life in the workplace and outside. Although there were also many inhumane things that happened, such as the growth of monopolies which prevented many small businesses to fail, the overall improvement of life is still evident. From the antebellum period, when Americans were having trouble finding jobs and many jobs were taken by immigrants, to the New Deal, when Americans have their rights protected and secured by the government, the quality of life has improved. Especially through the efforts of the Progressives and their reforms and Roosevelt and his New Deal, the American worker has never had more security in their life than ever before. Because of the security of their jobs and wages, the number of people that can live relatively comfortably have increased since the last 19th century. Therefore, in general, most people did improve their lives during these perio ds.

Hattin: Trapping a Victory :: European Europe History

Hattin: Trapping a Victory On June 26, 1187, the Muslim Sultan Saladin crossed the river Jordan with 20,000 of his followers - an army consisting of roughly 12,000 light horsemen and a number of footmen to a location south of the Sea of Galilee where he and his men encamped. They had been ravaging the nearby countryside in hopes of provoking a Christian attack, but had been unsuccessful. The Frankish Christians led by King Guy in Jerusalem had also mobilized their own army and camped at the spring at Saffuriyah . Marshall W. Baldwin says that the Franks too had an army 20,000 strong, but it was different in composition. The "Latins", as they are called, were a cavalry of 1,200 heavily armored knights, 3,500 lightly armored, mounted sergeants, several thousand foot soldiers, as well as a large number of native auxiliaries as mounted bowmen . Between the two great forces (the largest memorable, Christian gathering in years) lay an arid terrain; the hot summer sun made travel extremely difficult, especially for large numbers. One could easily expect fatigue, dehydration, and low morale when venturing to the east of Saffuriyah until reaching the Sea of Galilee. Strategists of each side knew the consequences of traveling across the region and so, "the waiting game" was played to see who would be the one to be provoked into a trap through the valleys. Although Saladin had unified large sections of the Muslim world, his army was still not a standing one. The crusaders counted on the fact that Saladin would have trouble holding his army together for a long period of time because his soldiers were not full-time warriors. Many were also tradesmen or farmers that easily disbanded when there was no action to get back home . Saladin knew his situation and continually harassed the area of Tiberias in failed attempts to provoke the Christians into leaving Saffuriyah, until he decided on July, 2 to besiege the city itself. He moved the majority of his troops to the high ground west of Tiberias. From this location, the Muslims could block entrance to the city while still accessing water supplies from the Sea of Galilee through the eastern side of the ridge. Tiberias was poorly fortified and Saladin's well - supplied forces had no trouble entering its walls. Residents of the city took refuge in the citadel, including the wife of Count Raymond of Tripoli who urgently sent west for help.

Economic Growth and Workers Essay

What basically the article of Mehring would want to states into the public would be the adverse effect of the economic growth on the labour market [workers]. It was states on his paper entitled â€Å"Vital Signs: A Not-So-Great ‘08† that market analysts predicts, as 2008 comes, the economy to be more dependent on the consumption level of the consumers. In this light, Mehring stressed that this would be impossible considering the current condition of one of the primary sector in the economy- housing. For the past years, housing sectors has been performing so badly after the end of 2005 as the demand of consumers for housing units declined dramatically giving the housing firm a hard hit on their financial capabilities. In this regard, members of the housing sectors were forced to lay-off some of their workers. Furthermore, the financial sector of the economy has not been performing well making the recovery of the housing sector to slow down. At the end of the day, it is the consumers, workers at the same time, which receives the entire burden since there is a big possibility for them to be fired from their jobs and/or to receive lower wages as the economy continuous to perform badly. From November last year up to the present, the number of jobless people continuously keeps on rising. Even though there are a lot of jobs that has been created at the start of this year, around 70,000 jobs, those are still not enough to compensate the job losses that occur in the labor market. Due to the fact that there workers receives lower incomes, logically, they can only consume less thus making the profit of the businesses to decline. It was identified that retail stores experienced significant drop on their sales even during the holiday season. Due to this, their profitability and outlook in the economy started to become dependent on the performance of the consumption level of the consumer group. Since the profit of the producers are negatively affected by the lower consumption of the consumers, as well as due to the fact that there is a large pool of unemployed people available in the labor market, there is a leeway for businesses to offer lower wages to their employees, and the cycle of burden goes on. Although, export market keeps on lowering down the bad performance of the economy through convincing the investors that there is still hope for our economy for avert the negative effects of recession to the entire economy. Because of the alarming effects of the bad economic performance of the country, the government has been identifying ways on how to increase the growth of the labor sector to improve the consumption levels of the consumers and thus improving the profitability of the business firms operating in the market especially those coming from the construction and housing sector. There are already around 350,000 job losses that occurred by the end of December 22 and the current level that we have is higher than with the average level of 2007. Meanwhile, most of the job growth falls under the service sector and they are accounted for around 150,000 of the 192,000 jobs that are added in October last year (Mehring 4). Inside the service sector, it is the professional services, health care, leisure and entertainment that contributes for the improvement of the service sector. In order for the government to fully address the problem regarding unemployment, they must focus their policies and programs for the betterment of the financial sector, private as well as the providing measures on how to increase the growth rate of the labor market. In short, finds ways on moving the economy away from the midst of recession and secure the concerned sectors of the economy for a sustainable economic growth. Critique and Insight Based from the article of Mehring, there is a clear relationship of economic growth and the labor sector which is comprises by the working class. Actually, Mehring presented in his paper how the cycle of recession and unemployment exists in our economy nowadays. Actually, it is a good thing that he mentioned it in his paper since it provides us of the reasons why the government is actually bound of which party they would protect the most, is it the private or the consumer group which could also be classified as workers. The not-so-good- performance of our economy for the past two years has been imposing serious threats to major industries and one of this is the housing industry. Here is the logic, by the time the demand housing units declined by the end of 2005, members of the housing industry starts to experience lower profitability. Due to this scenario, this housing industry starts to become incapable of sustaining the current level wage rate and what they will do is to either lay-off some workers and/or lowers down the wage rate that they pay for their workers in order to secure their profitability which eventually further decaying the income and purchasing power of the consumers [workers] and the cycle continuous. There have been studies saying that in order for the economy to progress impressively, the government must find ways to maintain a lower unemployment rate. But what is happening in our case would be a different one considering the response of the consumer group and the market condition of major business sectors. Here, the government must not only focus on the unemployment rate but also considering the welfare of the business firms in making actions to address the problem. There are times wherein the government is too much engross in solving the unemployment rate but sacrificing the welfare of the businesses and at the end of the day the problem still remain and become worse. I think, it would be better for our government to find solutions to increase the rate of job growth that will not affect negatively the businesses in the economy like lowering down the restrictions of FDI into the country in order for the foreign investors to be encourage establishing their businesses here, thus, making creating more jobs. Moreover, the government could lower down the taxes of the taxes of the domestic companies in exchange of not laying-off of workers. Another possible solution that the government could implement would be to lessen the trade barriers of the government to give way for the multinational companies to set up their branches here in the country and thus creating more jobs to the economy. The reason why I have been to much in particular of solving the problem regarding unemployment because when a person has a job he could earn an income and used it to his needs or simply as consumption. By the time consumption improves, then, businesses starts to perform better and so with the entire economy. In this scenario, we could see that economic growth and workers are really related to one another. Moreover, it is good that Mehring identified in his paper the connection of the financial sector in revitalizing not only the growth of the business firms but also its importance on upgrading the financial capabilities of the consumers. Growth of businesses firms [economic growth] as well as upgrading of financial capabilities of consumers [workers] is made possible by the financial sector if they would lower down their interest rate from borrowing in order for the businesses and consumers to borrow money from them and used this money to increase their purchasing power and their budget for operation. Since in this scenario consumer will be having more money [through borrowing], then, their consumption level will improved and so with the profitability of the business firms especially the housing and construction sectors which are currently in bad shape in terms of demand and profitability. In this regard, it would be necessary to say that economic growth and workers are interrelated to one another, and the performance of one could affect the other through various economic factors such as consumption pattern and supply level.

Java-Whitepaper Essay

This unobjectionable paper compargons C++/Qt with coffee tree/AWT/ throw off for developing volumed-scale, real-world computer bundle with graphical handlingr interfaces. References atomic publication 18 process to supreme reports that examine various aspects of the dickens toolsets. 1 A similitude of Qt and coffee bean 1. What Do We Comp be? When selecting an milieu for a large piece of land development cast, in that location ar m every aspects that must be bringed.The computer programme vocabulary is unity of the around signifi sightt aspects, since its choice has considerable tinct on what former(a) options atomic number 18 available. For exemplification, in a graphical substance abuser interface development throw, developers pass on exigency a graphical user interface subroutine program library that provides ready-made user interface components, for example, hardly whentons and menus. Since the picking of the graphical user interface lib rary itself has a large impact on the development of a vomit up, it is non uncommon for the GUI library to be chosen first, with the programing speech communication beingness retrieved by the talking tos for which the library is available.Usu completelyy, t present is entirely one lecture per library. Other parcel components kindred database passing libraries or communication libraries must too be interpreted into consideration, that they seldom father such(prenominal) a fond impact on the over wholly initiation as the GUI libraries. In this white paper, the impersonal is to comp atomic number 18 the C++/Qt environment with the umber/AWT/ jolt environment. In rear to do this in the nigh profitable way, we leave behind begin by canvass the programming linguistic processs involved, i. e.C++ and burnt umber, and then compare the 2 GUI libraries, Qt for C++ and AWT/ cast off for chocolate. 2. equivalence C++ and chocolate When discussing the various be nefits and dropbacks of fussy programming languages, the debate lots degenerates into arguments that are based on personal eff and preference rather than either objective criteria. Personal preferences and bugger off should be taken into greenback when selecting a programming language for a project, nonwithstanding because it is subjective, it can non be considered here. kind of we pull up stakes look at roll in the hays such as computer computer computer programmer-efficiency, carry throughtime-efficiency and retention-efficiency since these can be quantified and stimulate been examined in scientifically conducted research, although we will a similar incorporate information based on the practical exerience of projects that crap been utiliseed in our induce company. 2. 1. Programmer-efficiency Programmer-efficiency describes how in effect(p)ly (i. e. how quickly and accurately) a programmer with a given phase of experience and knowledge can go for a certain set of requirements in a carve upicular programming language, including debugging and project setup time.Since developer salaries are one of the chief(a) personify factors for any programming project, programmer-efficiency greatly affects the 2 A equality of Qt and coffee berry cost-efficiency of the project. To around extent, programmer-efficiency is also determined by the tools available. The main design goal of chocolate is increase programmer-efficiency compared to separate popular-purpose programming languages, rather than increased keeping- or runtime-efficiency. java has several suffers designed to make it more(prenominal) programmer-efficient.For example, unlike C++ (or C), the programmer does non stomach to explicitly free (give back) allocated stock resources to the operating organization. Freeing saucy storage ( drool battle array) is handled automatically by the chocolate runtime system, at the expense of remembering- and runtime-efficiency (see belo w). This liberates the programmer from the burden of keeping track of allocated computer storage, a tedious labor movement that is a major(ip) cause of bugs. This feature alone should significantly increase the programmer-efficiency of coffee programmers, compared to C++ (or C) programmers.Research shows that in entrust, refuse charm and other chocolate features, do non have a major put to work on the programmer-efficiency. One of the perfect software estimation models, Barry Boehms CoCoMo1 predicts the cost and schedule of a software project using cost drivers which take into account variables like the general experience of a programmers, the experience with the programming language in question, the targeted reliability of the program, etc. Boehm writes that the measuring of effort per source statement was highly independent of the language level.Other research, for example, A system of programming measurement and estimation by C. E. Walston and C. P. Felix of IBM2, poi nts in the similar direction. Both the reports cited here pre-date the advent of chocolate by legion(predicate) years, although they seem to reveal a general principle that the sophistication of a all-purpose programming language has, compared with other aspects, like the experience of the developers, no significant influence on the overall project costs. on that point is more recent research that explicitly includes chocolate and which supports this hypothesis.In An empirical relation of C, C++, burnt umber, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl3, Lutz Prechelt of the University of Karlsruhe, describes an experiment he conducted in which computer science students were assigned a particular design and development proletariat and asked to instrument the specification provided in any of the languages C, C++, or Java which they could freely drive according to their personal preferences (the other languages were examined in a different part of the research project). The data ga on that pointd shows intimately-nigh the same results for C++ and Java (with C running third in nigh aspects).This is also backed up by our own experience if programmers can choose their favorite programming language (which is ordinarily the one they have most experience of), programmers with the same level of experience (measured for example, in years of programming experience in general) get through near the same programmer-efficiency. other interesting aspect that we noned ( and which is non yet supported by any formal 3 A Comparison of Qt and Java research) is that less experienced developers seem to bring home the bacon somewhatwhat br to each one results with Java, medium-experienced developers achieve about the same results with some(prenominal) programming languages, nd experienced developers achieve disclose results with C++. These findings could be repayable to better tools being available for C++ provided this is an aspect that must be taken into account. An inter esting way to quantify programmer-efficiency is the course Point method developed by Capers Jones. Function points are a software metric that moreover depend on the procedureality, not on the slaying. Working from the percentage points, it is possible to compute the lines of code postulate per function point as well as the language level which describes how more function points can be utilize in a certain inwardness of time.Intriguingly, both(prenominal) the values for the lines of code per function point and the language level are identical for C++ and Java (6 for the language level, compared with Cs 3. 5 and Tcls 5, and 53 for the lines of code per function point, compared with Cs 91 and Tcls 64). In conclusion both research and practice contradict the claim that Java programmers achieve a higher programmer-efficiency than C++ programmers. 2. 2. Runtime-efficiency We have seen that Javas programmer-efficiency appears to be illusory. We will now examine its runtime efficie ncy. Again, Prechelt provides useful data.The amount of data he provides is long, but he arrives at the conclusion that a Java program must be evaluate to run at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 1. 22 times as farsighted as a C/C++ program. Note that he says at least the average runtime of Java programs is unconstipated yearlong. Our own experience shows that Java programs tend to run about 2-3 times as long than their equivalent C/C++ programs for the same task. Not surprisingly, Java loses even more ground when the tasks are central processing unit-bound. When it comes to programs with a graphical user interface, the increased latency of Java programs is worse than the runtime performance hit.Usability studies show that users do not care about whether a long running task takes, say, cardinal or three minutes, but they do care when a program does not show an immediate reaction to their interaction, for example when they press a button. These studies show that the marge of what a user accepts before they consider a program to be unresponsive can be as light as 0. 7 seconds. Well return to this issue when we compare graphical user interfaces in Java and C++ programs. An explanation about wherefore Java programs are gradual than C++ is in vow.C++ programs are lay ind by the C++ compiler into a binary format that can be penalize directly by the CPU the whole program execution hence takes gravel in 4 A Comparison of Qt and Java hardware. (This is an oversimplification since most modern CPUs execute microcode, but this does not affect the issues discussed here. ) On the other hand, the Java compiler compiles the source code into bytecode which is not executed directly by the CPU, but rather by another foot of software, the Java Virtual auto (JVM). The JVM in turn, runs on the CPU.The execution of the bytecode of a Java program does not take place in ( betting) hardware, but instead in (much slower) software emulation. Work has been undertaken to d evelop however in Time (JIT) compilers to address Javas runtime efficiency problem, but no universal solution has yet emerged. It is the semi-interpreted record of Java programs that makes the compile erst trance, run anyplace near of Java possible in the first place. Once a Java program is compiled into bytecode, it can be executed on any weapons plan which has a JVM.In practice, this is not constantly the case, because of instruction execution differences in different JVMs, and because of the necessity to sometimes use congenital, non-Java code, usually scripted in C or C++, unneurotic with Java programs. But is the use of course of study-independent bytecode the recompense advent for crossplatform diligences? With a untroubled cross-platform toolkit like Qt and good compilers on the various platforms, programmers can achieve almost the same by compiling their source code once for each platform write once, compile everywhere.It can be argued that for this to work, developers need access to all the platforms they want to support, enchantment with Java, in theory at least, developers only need access to one platform running the Java development tools and a JVM. In practice, no responsible software manufacturer will ever accept their software for a platform the software hasnt been tested on, so they would chill out need access to all the relevant platforms. The question arises why it should be infallible to run the Java Virtual Machine in software if a program can be implemented in software, it should also be possible to have hardware implement the same unctionality. This is what the Java designers had in mind when they developed the language they as summateed that the performance penalty would fell as soon as Java CPUs that implement the JVM in hardware would befit available. But after five years, such Java CPUs have not live generally available. Java automatically de-allocates (frees) unused recollection. The programmer allocates reme mbering, and the JVM keeps track of all the allocated recollection baffles and the references to them. As soon as a memory board block is no continuing referenced, it can be reclaimed. This is done in a process called dribble collection in which the JVM periodically checks all the allocated memory blocks, and removes any which are no overnight referred to. Garbage collection is very convenient, but the trade offs are greater memory consumption and slower runtime speed.. With C++, the programmer can (and should) delete blocks of memory as soon as they are no longer required.With Java, blocks are not deleted until the close garbage collection run, and this depends on the implementation on the JVM being used. Prechtelt provides figures which state that on average ( ) and with a confidence of 80%, the Java programs consume at least 32 MB (or 297%) more memory than the C/C++ programs ( ). In growth to the higher memory requirements, the garbage collection process itself requires processing power which is then not available to the actual coat functionality, premiseing to slower overall runtimes.Since the garbage collector runs periodically, it can occasionally lead to Java programs freezing for a a few(prenominal) seconds. The best JVM implementations keep the occurrence of such freezes to a minimum, but the freezes have not been eliminated entirely. When dealing with external programs and devices, for example, during I/O or when interacting with a database, it is usually suitable to close the file or database connexion as soon as it is no longer required. Using C++s destructors, this happens as soon as the programmer calls delete.In Java, closing may not occur until the next garbage assembling sweep, which at best may join up resources unnecessarily, and at worst risks the generate resources ending up in an conflicting state. The fact that Java programs keep memory blocks around longer than is strictly obligatory is especially problematic for emb edded devices where memory is often at a premium. It is no coincidence that thither is (at the time of writing) no complete implementation of the Java platform for embedded devices, only partial implementations that implement a subset.The main reason why garbage collection is more dearly-won than explicit memory focusing by the programmer is that with the Java scheme, information is lost. In a C++ program, the programmer knows both where their memory blocks are (by storing pointers to them) and knows when they are not needed any longer. In a Java 6 A Comparison of Qt and Java program, the latter information is not available to the JVM (even though it is known to the programmer), and thus the JVM has to manually find unreferenced blocks.A Java programmer can make use of their knowledge of when a memory block is not needed any longer by deleting all references that are til now around and triggering garbage collection manually, but this requires as much effort on the part of the pr ogrammer as with the explicit memory management in C++, and still the JVM has to look at each block during garbage collection to determine which ones are no longer used. Technically, there is nothing that prevents the implementation and use of garbage collection in C++ programs, and there are commercial programs and libraries available that aim this.But because of the dis payoffs mentioned above, few C++ programmers make use of this. The Qt toolkit takes a more efficient approach to easing the memory management task for its programmers when an object is deleted, all subject objects are automatically deleted too. Qts approach does not interfere with the programmers freedom to delete manually when they like to. Because manual memory management burdens programmers, C and C++ have been accused of being prone to generate unstable, bug-ridden software.Although the danger of producing memory corruption (which typically leads to program crashes) is sure enough higher with C and C++, goo d education, tools and experience can greatly number the risks. Memory management can be learned like anything else, and there are a large number of tools available, both commercial and open source, that help programmers get wind that there are no memory errors in the program for example, Insure++ by Parasoft, Purify by Rational and the open source Electric Fence.C++s flexible memory management system also makes it possible to write use memory profilers that are adapted to whichever reveal case of application a programmer writes. To sum up this discussion, we have found C++ to provide much better runtime- and memory-efficiency than Java, while having same programmer-efficiency. 2. 4. Available libraries and tools The Java platform includes an impressive number of packages that provide hundreds of classes for all kinds of purposes, including graphical user interfaces, security, networking and other tasks.This is for certain an advantage of the Java platform. For each package a vailable on the Java platform, there is at least one corresponding library for C++, although it can be difficult to assemble the various libraries that would be needed for a C++ project and make them all work together correctly. However, this strength of Java is also one of its weaknesses. It becomes increasingly difficult for the individual programmer to find their way through the huge APIs. For any given task, you can be almost certain that somewhere, there is 7A Comparison of Qt and Java functionality that would execute the task or at least help with its implementation. But it can be very difficult to find the even up package and the right class. Also, with an increasing number of packages, the size of the Java platform has increased considerably. This has led to subsets e. g. , for embedded systems, but with a subset, the advantage of having everything quick available disappears. As an aside, the size of the Java platform makes it almost impossible for smaller manufacturers to ship a Java system independent from cheer Microsystems, Javas inventor, and this reduces competition.If Java has an advantage on the side of available libraries, C++ clearly has an advantage when it comes to available tools. Because of the considerable maturity of the C and C++ family of languages, many tools for all aspects of application development have been developed, including design, debugging, and profiling tools. While there are Java tools appearing all the time, they seldom measure up to their C++ counterparts. This is often even the case with tools with the same functionality feeler from the same manufacturer compare, for example, Rationals Quantify, a profiler for Java and for C/C++.The most important tool any developer of a compiled language uses, is still the compiler. C++ has the advantage of having compilers that are clearly lord in execution speed. In order to be able to ship their compilers (and other tools) on various platforms, vendors tend to implement the ir Java tools in Java itself, with all the aforementioned memory and efficiency problems. at that place are a few Java compilers written in a indigene language like C (for example, IBMs Jikes), but these are the exception, and seldom used. 3. canvass AWT/ drip and QtSo far, we have compared the programming language Java and the programming language C++. But as we discussed at the beginning of this article, the programming language is only one of the aspects to consider in GUI development. We will now compare the packages for GUI development that are shipped with Java, i. e. AWT and get about, with the cross-platform GUI toolkit, Qt, from the Norwegian supplier, Trolltech. We have confined the comparision on the C++ side to the Qt GUI toolkit, since unlike MFC (Microsoft basis Classes) and similar toolkits, This seems to contradict Javas cross-platform philosophy and may be due to the the initial AWT version being reputedly developed in under fourteen days. Because of these and a number of other problems with the AWT, it has since been augment by the Swing toolkit. Swing relies on the AWT (and consequently on the domestic libraries) only for very basic things like creating orthogonal windows, handling events and executing primitive plan operations. Everything else is handled within Swing, including all the plan of the GUI components.This does away with the problem of applications looking and behaving otherwise on different platforms. Unfortunately, because Swing is loosely implemented in Java itself, it lacks efficiency. As a result, Swing programs are not only slow when performing computations, but also when drawing and handling the user interface, leading to scurvy responsiveness. As mentioned earlier, poor responsiveness is one of the things that users are least willing to tolerate in a GUI application. On todays standard commodity hardware, it is not comical to be able to watch how a Swing button is redrawn when the mouse is press over it.While this situation will surely improve with faster hardware, this does not address the fundamental problem that conglomerate user interfaces developed with Swing are inherently slow. The Qt toolkit follows a similar approach like Swing, it only relies on the inbred libraries only for very basic things and handles the drawing of GUI components itself. This brings Qt the same advantages as Swing (for example, applications look and behave the same on different platforms), but since Qt is entirely implemented in C++ and thus compiled to internal code it does not have Swings efficiency problems.User interfaces written with Qt are typically very fast because of Qts smart use of caching techniques, they are sometimes even faster than comparable programs written using only the native libraries. Theoretically, an best native program should always be at least as fast as an equivalent optimal Qt program however, devising a native program optimal is much more difficult and requires more progra mming skills than making a Qt program optimal. Both Qt and Swing employ a styling technique that lets programs display in any one of a number of styles, independent of the platform they are running on.This is possible because both Qt and Swing handle the drawing themselves and can draw GUI elements in whichever style is desired. Qt even ships with a style that emulates the default look-and-feel in Swing programs, along with styles that emulate the 9 A Comparison of Qt and Java Win32 look-and-feel, the report look-and-feel, andin the Macintosh version the MacOS X Aqua style. 3. 2. Programming Paradigms In Qt and Swing While programming APIs to some extent are a involvement of the programmers personal taste, there are some APIs that lend themselves to simple, short, and elegant application code far more readily than others.